Down slope movement of rocks, solid and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking. Effects: erosion; burial and blockage of roads and rivers. Series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea. Effects: flooding; coastal erosion; drowning of people and damage to properties Damaged jeep due to tsunami during the Moro Gulf earthquake. This site uses cookies and third-party service to analyze non-identifiable web traffic data. Figure 1. Collapse of a dwelling due to the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, Earthquakes hit without warning Fig.
In most cases, it is the combination of earthquake magnitude, poor building quality, and high population density of the area of highest shaking that cause the disasters. This is one of the reasons why, with increasing population and urbanization in earthquake-prone countries, the losses from earthquakes have been increasing significantly over the last decades Fig. Check out this video about the Rockfall Impacts of the Christchurch Quake ,. This may be due to downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault , and can sometimes affect a huge area of land.
Coastal areas can become permanently flooded as a result. Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing cracks to open up, that are often seen along hill crests and river banks.
Liquefaction occurs when waterlogged sediments are agitated by seismic shaking. This separates the grains from each other, reducing their load bearing capacity. Buildings and other structures can sink down into the ground or tilt over, whilst underground pipes and tanks may rise up to the surface.
When the vibrations stop the sediments settle down again, squeezing groundwater out of fissures and holes in the ground to cause flooding. The aftermath of liquefaction can leave large areas covered in a deep layer of mud. Primary earthquake hazards are: ground shaking landslides liquefaction surface rupture Secondary earthquake hazards are those that are caused by the primary hazards, and may often be more catastrophic: tsunami seiche flooding fire.
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